Validation status

Validation status by solver and reference

Thirteen self-verifying targets. Each checks a run against a published reference or against an invariant the discretization must preserve. Each exits nonzero when its check fails, so the suite runs as a CI gate.

Every number below is copied from a committed run artifact, except on the one card flagged as sourced from its target README. All figures aref64 on an Apple M3 Max, release build.

How to read the status column

  • Quantitative: checked against a published reference to a stated tolerance.
  • Flight-anchored: checked against flight data at order of magnitude, not per point.
  • Invariant: checked against a property the discretization must preserve at any grid.
  • Structural: gates rank and cost. Not physical accuracy.

Global caveat, from the verification README

Divergence figures are single-machine measurements at the default configuration. They are dominated by spatial resolution rather than by the discretization's asymptotic accuracy. Reference-grid runs tighten every figure. Re-measure on the target hardware before citing these values in an analysis of record.

QTT compressible marchers

qtt_sod

Sod shock tube, γ = 1.4, marched to t = 0.2 on 512 cells.

Quantitative

Reference

Exact Riemann solution (canonical star pressure p* = 0.3031).

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
Density, L1 over |x| ≤ 0.50.01750 (exact)tol 0.03
Velocity, L1 over |x| ≤ 0.50.02740 (exact)tol 0.03
Pressure, L1 over |x| ≤ 0.50.01510 (exact)tol 0.03
Star pressure p*0.30310.3031exact

Caveat

First-order Rusanov smears the contact, so the bound is on mean accuracy, not on peak resolution. The nonlinear flux and EOS are evaluated pointwise (dequantize → compute → requantize); the rank-preserving TT-cross form is the large-L upgrade.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example qtt_sod

qtt_ramc_stagline

RAM-C II reentry stagnation streamline at ~71 km, M = 25, fitted shock interface with exact Rankine–Hugoniot jump.

Flight-anchored

Reference

RAM-C II flight experiment, NASA Langley (1970). Park, Nonequilibrium Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics (1990). Gupta–Yos–Thompson–Lee, NASA RP-1232 (1990).

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
Peak n_e (uncalibrated finite-rate network)2.251e19 m⁻³~1e19 m⁻³+0.35 dec (band ±0.70)
Peak n_e (closed-form Park-2T controller)5.31e17 m⁻³~1e19 m⁻³−1.27 dec (reported, not re-admitted)
Post-shock temperature T₂8044 K~10⁴ K bandin band
Plasma frequency ω_p4.111e10 rad/s> 9.40e9 comms bandblackout true
Relaxation-profile bond2O(1)cap 4

Caveat

The uncalibrated finite-rate network lands within +0.35 decade of the flight anchor, inside the ±0.70 chemistry-spread band. The closed-form Park-2T controller lands 1.27 decades below the anchor after the N₂–N₂ reduced-mass correction (μ = 14.007); its former near-anchor landing was an artifact of an invalid μ = 7.0 (the N–N atomic pair, which has no vibrational mode), and the offset is reported rather than re-admitted. Still a two-temperature Saha surrogate; the T_e = T_ve lumping is worth roughly 2×, and the landing is sensitive to the Millikan–White τ_vt model within the documented 2–5× chemistry-model spread. γ = 1.1 is an effective-γ closure, not perfect gas.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example qtt_ramc_stagline

qtt_taylor_green_verification

2-D Taylor–Green vortex on a periodic box, evolved entirely as a tensor train, refinement ladder 8²→32².

Quantitative

Reference

Taylor & Green (1937). Method: Peddinti et al. (2024), Commun. Phys. 7, 135; Gourianov et al. (2022), Nat. Comput. Sci. 2, 30–37.

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
Observed order2.182.00+9%
Max error at 32²5.316e-50 (analytic)bound 2.0e-4
Convection u·∇u vs closed form3.207e-300.6% of 0.5 signal
Compression at 32²bond 32 vs 1024 dense32×

Caveat

Periodic, smooth, low-Reynolds and single-mode. It does not test immersed-body boundary conditions, turbulent rank growth, or multi-mode cascade. Gate 2 exists because single-mode Taylor–Green's convective term is a pure gradient the projection removes; a solver with a broken or zero u·∇u would still pass gate 1.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example qtt_taylor_green_verification

qtt_cylinder_verification

Cylinder in a periodic free-stream at 32², Brinkman volume penalization, drag as a tensor-train contraction.

Invariant

Reference

Angot, Bruneau & Fabrie (1999), Numer. Math. 81, 497–520. Cross-reference: the DEC cylinder target at C_d ≈ 1.345.

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
C_d convergence |ΔC_d|, bond 16 → 241.89e-110 (converged)gate: relative ≤ 0.10
Interior max |u| (no-slip)4.22e-204% of free stream
Divergence at bond 245.47e-140≈ machine ε
Absolute C_d23.7577not the isolated valuesee caveat

Caveat

The absolute C_d ≈ 23.8 is NOT an isolated-cylinder drag coefficient: roughly 30% blockage, a penalization-integral force over a smoothed 2-cell skirt, and a fixed-horizon read rather than a steady state. The verification claim is the convergence trend plus no-slip and positivity, never the absolute number. Reproducing an isolated C_d needs an inflow/outflow domain, out of scope for the periodic QTT solver.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example qtt_cylinder_verification

qtt_blunt_body_2d

Blunt-body bow shock at constant standoff radius, body-fitted polar fan versus Cartesian capture, ladder 2⁵–2⁷.

Structural (rank)

Reference

Structural claim only: fitted bond bounded, capture growing. No published value.

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
Fitted bond χ3 → 5bounded, ≤ 12gate BB-A
Cartesian capture bond χ16 → 61≥ 2× fittedgate BB-B

Caveat

This gates rank, not physical accuracy; the quantitative accuracy gate for the compressible solver is qtt_sod, against the exact Riemann solution. The marched peak bond is reported and explicitly not asserted: a plain flux-through-front marcher injects angular structure and grows the bond to 64 over 6 steps even in the fitted coordinate. Bounding that is design D9 and the qtt_repin_marcher study.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example qtt_blunt_body_2d

qtt_reentry_3d

3-D reentry forebody sheath, body-fitted spherical versus Cartesian sampling, ladder 2³–2⁵.

Structural (rank)

Reference

Structural: the qtt_rank_3d study bound, not a paper.

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
Fitted forebody bond χ2 → 4bounded, ≤ 8gate RE-A
Cartesian bond χ10 → 59≥ 2× fittedgate RE-B
Wake bond41out of scopereported only

Caveat

Forebody only, and structural: it bounds rank, not physical accuracy. The wake is explicitly out of scope: a separated unsteady wake needs turbulence and is a multi-feature structure no single fitted coordinate aligns; its bond is reported, never gated. The dynamic marched forebody rank is likewise reported, not gated: there is no 3-D body-fit metric yet, so the marcher runs Cartesian and grows the bond to 16 over 6 steps. A 3-D body-fit metric plus re-pinning is the open remainder.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example qtt_reentry_3d

qtt_park2t_blackout

Tier-A blackout closure on an incompressible rollout: recovery temperature → ionization → electron density.

Structural (rank)

Reference

Cross-references only: RAM-C II, Park two-temperature tables, the Saha limit, Apollo blackout dwell.

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
Peak electron density n_e1.000e22 m⁻³~1e19 m⁻³ (RAM-C II)+3 decades
Six LER acceptance gatesall PASSclosure behaviournot accuracy

Caveat

Superseded. The Tier-A closure over-predicts by three decades: it rides an incompressible rollout with a recovery-temperature reconstruction rather than a true post-shock thermodynamic path, and Saha equilibrium at the frozen RH temperature drives near-full ionization. No absolute coupled-CFD match is claimed. Retired by the Tier-B compressible marcher; use qtt_ramc_stagline instead.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example qtt_park2t_blackout

DEC Navier–Stokes

dec_lid_cavity_re1000_verification

Lid-driven square cavity at Re = 1000, three no-slip walls, lid at U = 1.

Quantitative

Reference

Ghia, U., Ghia, K. N., Shin, C. T. (1982). High-Re solutions for incompressible flow using the Navier–Stokes equations and a multigrid method. J. Comput. Phys. 48, 387–411.

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
Centerline RMSE vs Ghia (33², t = 40)0.1370
Primary vortex position(0.563, 0.594)(0.531, 0.563)≈ 6% of span
Corner eddies resolvedbothbothat 33²/t=40
Grid-trend gate (17² → 33²)0.252 → 0.133decreasinggates 0.32 / 0.20

Caveat

The 6%-of-span vortex offset is at a coarse 33² grid. Reporting resolution is 129² with t_end ≥ 150, Ghia's own grid, which takes hours. The committed baseline.txt for this target is a partial run log and records no RMSE; the figures above come from the target README.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example dec_lid_cavity_re1000_verification trend

No committed baselinefigures come from the target README rather than a run artifact

dec_cylinder_verification

Isolated circular cylinder, 2-D laminar, Re_D = 100, aperture-resolved cut cells at 16 cells/D.

Quantitative

Reference

Williamson (1996); Dröge & Verstappen (2005); Lehmkuhl, Rodríguez, Borrell & Oliva (2013). Window compiled in arXiv:2303.09262.

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
Strouhal St0.17140.164–0.165+4.3%
Mean drag C_d1.2461.32–1.36−6%
C_d split (pressure + friction)1.078 + 0.167friction ≈ 25%friction 13%
Lift C_l, drag swing0.010, [1.238, 1.254]sustained limit cycleamplitude ≈ 0.41

Caveat

Acceptable but not DNS-grade at this grid. The integrated drag is close for the wrong reason: the pressure/friction split is off, with friction at 13% against the ~25% reference. Most of the +4.3% Strouhal excess is LY_D = 16 blockage (≈6.25%), leaving ~1–2% method error. A defensible accuracy claim needs a grid-convergence study (16→24→32/D, Richardson-extrapolated) plus C_L,rms, θ_sep and C_pb. This target has no baseline.txt; the figures are the committed run output re100_16_resolved.txt. Its staircase companion at the same 16 cells/D does not shed at all: the wake decays to a steady residual. That run's printed St 0.2444 is therefore the crossing detector firing on 7th-decimal noise, and its C_d 1.356 is a steady-flow value rather than a cycle mean. The aperture-resolved cut cells are what produce a sustained street here.

CELLS_PER_D=16 LX_D=16 LY_D=16 STEPS=4000 CFL=0.4 CG_TOL=1e-6 cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example dec_cylinder_verification

dec_graded_mms_verification

Method of manufactured solutions on a graded torus, 8²→64², grading amplitudes 0.0–0.3.

Invariant

Reference

Observed order of accuracy = 2.00. DEC: Hirani (2003); Desbrun, Hirani, Leok & Marsden (2005).

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
Convective order (finest pair)1.98–1.992.00≤ 0.02
Viscous order (finest pair)2.00–2.012.00≤ 0.01
Max error at 64² (convective)5.13e-3 … 7.69e-3by grading
Divergence-freenessexactexactcombinatorial

Caveat

At strong grading the coarse-pair order dips to ~1.7 and recovers to ~2.0 as the mesh refines. An earlier revision of this study mis-measured a convective order collapse; the cause was a measurement bug: pointwise 1-form values instead of edge integrals. The cochain convention is load-bearing.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example dec_graded_mms_verification

dec_taylor_green_re1600_verification

3-D Taylor–Green vortex at Re = 1600, default 16³ grid marched to t* = 10.

Invariant

Reference

van Rees, Leonard, Pullin & Koumoutsakos (2011); Brachet et al. (1983); 1st Int. Workshop on High-Order CFD Methods (2012), case C3.5.

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
Energy ratio E*/E00.8929monotone decaygate PASS
Peak dissipation (16³)0.002468≈0.0124 (DNS)−80%

Caveat

Only the energy-monotonicity invariant is gated; the DNS comparison is informational. 16³ is grossly under-resolved and cannot represent the small-scale dissipation peak, hence the −80%. Strictly the curve never peaks at this grid: the reported maximum falls at the final sample, t* = 10.05, so it is a monotone-rising tail rather than a resolved peak, where the DNS peak sits near t* ≈ 9. Reporting resolutions of 64³–128³ close this gap. Do not read the −80% as a solver error.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example dec_taylor_green_re1600_verification

dec_cylinder_wake_verification

Cylinder in a confined periodic-x channel driven by an uncertain sensor stream through the causal monad.

Invariant

Reference

None quantitative; an internal-consistency exercise.

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
Max divergence residual3.334e-150tol 1e-6
EffectLog entries under dropout8080 (2 × 40)exact

Caveat

The DEC solver has no inflow/outflow surface here; the sensor drives a prescribed moving wall in a confined periodic-x channel. At 25% blockage the run reports no clear shedding in the developed signal, so the printed Strouhal is a qualitative check for that confined case, never gated, and no isolated-cylinder Reynolds ladder is claimed. The committed baseline.txt is the 200-row probe stream; the divergence figure is the maximum over its residual column; the pass/fail summary lines are in cli_output.txt.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example dec_cylinder_wake_verification

Analytic and pointwise closures

mms_taylor_green_verification

Taylor–Green vortex through the incompressible NS RHS kernel with exact autodiff derivatives, Rk4, 200 steps.

Invariant

Reference

Taylor & Green (1937), Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 158, 499–521. MMS methodology: Roache (2002); Salari & Knupp (2000).

QuantityComputedReferenceΔ / tolerance
RHS kernel vs exact, max abs error1.11e-160 (analytic)≈ machine ε
Rk4 amplitude a(t) at t = 10.904837420.904837426.66e-16
Precision ladder (f32 / f64 / Float106)3e-8 / 1e-16 / 8e-330by type

Caveat

Off-grid step counts introduce a phantom floor: dt = 0.005 is not a binary fraction, so steps·dt misses 1 by ~2e-17, which becomes a fixed ~1.9e-18 amplitude error. Guarded by evaluating the reference at t_final = dt·steps. Past a few thousand steps the two low-precision columns drift upward.

cargo run --release -p deep_causality_cfd --example mms_taylor_green_verification

Records where the headline number is not the claim

Three records report a figure that does not correspond to the quantity a reader may expect. Each states its actual claim below.

QTT cylinder, C_d ≈ 23.8.The domain carries roughly 30% blockage, the force is a penalization integral over a smoothed skirt, and the value is read at a fixed horizon rather than at steady state. The target claims the convergence trend, the no-slip interior, and positivity. It does not claim an isolated-cylinder drag coefficient.

3-D Taylor–Green, peak dissipation 80% below DNS.The default grid is 16³ and cannot resolve the small-scale dissipation peak. The gate covers energy monotonicity; the DNS comparison is informational. Reporting resolutions of 64³ to 128³ close the gap.

Tier-A blackout closure, three decades above the flight anchor.The closure rides an incompressible rollout with a recovery-temperature reconstruction. The Tier-B compressible marcherqtt_ramc_stagline supersedes it: its uncalibrated finite-rate network lands within about a factor of two of the anchor.

Source for every target:deep_causality_cfd/verification/